Some time ago, I found myself in my favorite bookstore partaking of an activity that I have forever enjoyed; trolling through the Science Fiction section. Therein, I came upon a book that stopped just short kicking me in the shin and demanding to be read. Armageddon 2419 A.D. by Philip Francis Nowlan came with the subtitle, “The Seminal ‘Buck Rogers’ Novel”.
“Well if it’s the seminal Buck Rogers novel, then I suppose I have to read it,” I said aloud to myself. Fortunately, nobody saw me talking to myself as my girlfriend was elsewhere in the store and no other brave souls dared to venture into the murky depths of the SF section where books start to be categorized by franchise rather than author.
But only recently, upon realizing I needed a hiatus from Kim Stanley Robinson, did I crack the spine on this the most seminal of Buck Rogers novels. Kim Stanley Robinson’s Red Mars reads slower than Tom Clancy’s Hunt for Red October. Both are very fine books but both, respectively, make me feel like I need to be surrounded by Martian topographical maps and the latest Lockheed-Martin tech manuals to truly appreciate the authors’ attention to detail.
It turns out that Armageddon 2419 A.D. wasn’t quite the popcorn novel that I expected.
As fictional characters go, Buck Rogers is pretty much dead within our cultural consciousness. Only through the miracle of syndication can contemporary viewers be exposed to the campy, “Buck Rogers in the 25th Century” television series.
With no exposure to the Buck Rogers serials of the forties and fifties, and an over exposure to Gil Gerard, I expected Nowlan’s book, written in 1928, to be a frivolous thing filled with “kill-o-zap ray guns”, “space rockets”, silver uni-suits, obnoxious youth sidekicks, and some evil aliens inevitably from Mars. Instead the book can be read as part cultural critique and part futurist technological speculation.
To begin, a few words on the plot: The year is 1927. While working for the United States Government, Anthony “Buck” Rogers, a veteran of the First World War, is sent to investigate reports of strange doings in an abandoned coal mine. A gas emanating from within the mine knocks out our hero, placing him in a state of suspended animation.
After an earthquake cuts the mine off from the source of the mysterious gas, Buck emerges nearly five hundred years later to find, and get ready for this, the Chinese have conquered the world. From within their floating cities, the “Han Airlords” have subjugated the entire planet, including America. The war between America and China, which we learn to have happened sometime in the middle of the twenty-first century, devastated the continent, reducing all major cities to rubble. Atop the ruins of America’s ancient cities the Hans have built their own floating citadels with names like “Nu-Yok”, “Bah-Flo”, “Bas-Tan”, “Lo-Tan”.
While America’s cities were destroyed, the Americans were not. Being the resilient people that they are, and seen by the Hans as no more a threat than common game animals, the American people have not died off. Rather, as Buck finds out, they have broken down into collections of families called ‘gangs’ – Buck is adopted into and eventually becomes head of the Wyoming gang.
The remainder of the novel’s plot does not extend beyond the rather simple archetype of virtuous protagonists triumphing over decadent adversaries.
Before attempting to examine the technology of Armageddon 2419 A.D. it is important to note that this book is categorically “soft” Science Fiction. Where “hard” SF attempts to provide extensive details on the technology through a lens of plausibility based on current understanding of the universe, soft SF places less importance on explaining why things work. The bottom line being, soft SF asks its readers for a higher degree of suspension of disbelief.
What Armageddon 2419 A.D. lacks in extensive scientific detail, it makes up for with imagination that at times, borders on prophetic.
Although the Americans have been ground under the jackboot of the Han Airlords, the indomitable spirit of American discovery (barf) has not been quashed. Through “inter-dimensional mining” the Americans have discovered two transuranic elements, Inertron and Ultron. At the time of the book’s publication in 1928, there were only 92 elements on the periodic table. Neptunium and Plutonium, the first two transuranic known to human science elements, were both discovered in 1940.
The properties of Ultron allow the fictional Americans to develop a new form of radio transmission that is unfettered by the curvature of the earth. A signal sent from one ultraphone is said to travel through another dimension (better known as sub-space communication for anybody that has ever watched Star Trek) before arriving at its receiving ultraphone. I’ll concede the point that inter-dimensional communication might seem absurd to a modern reader. But similarity between the conveniences of an ultraphone – portable, wireless communication unfettered by the earth’s curvature – and that of a cellular phone seem inescapable.
A final piece of fictional technology that gives Armageddon 2419 A.D. a prescient quality is the Han Airlords’ use of broadcast microwave power. Point to point wireless conduction of electricity was firmly in the realm of science fiction until as recently as 1961. It remained theoretical science until 1964 when JPL engineer William C. Brown demonstrated the first successful application of microwave broadcast power.
Amid the impressive speculation on future technology, Nowlan’s novel constructs some very unique narratives around national identity. The stark contrast between the utilitarian Americans and the grandiose Hans lends all too easily to the creation of a Spartan versus Persian allegory.
As narrator, Buck Rogers is constantly awestruck by the utilitarian nature of the Wyoming gang and the American gangs as a whole. A person’s life within the gang is divided equally between education, service to the gang in one of the underground factories and military service. Laziness is described as the highest sin among the Americans. The semi-sedentary lifestyle of the American gangs has led to the abolition of private property. Underground factories limit their production of goods to those things essential to the survival of the gang – weapons, Ultron, Inertron, clothes, food, shelters – thus there is no consumer based economics. Even the leadership of the Wyoming gang is oddly communal; there is a big boss, and a council of sub-bosses each of whom acts as a cabinet minister. In the middle of 1920s, Philip Nowlan created an America that fused elements of Sparta’s martial tradition with a strongly Marxist social order and enriched it with the spirit of American frontier mythology.
When Buck is captured by the Hans and taken to their American fortress of Lo-Tan, he is finds himself surrounded by people that are the exact opposite of his adoptive family. Unlike the American Gangs, Han society is the epitome of Fordist capitalism. Break something? Buy a new one. But why get up and go to the store when you can push a few buttons from the comfort of your couch and have the object delivered to your apartment and the cost automatically deducted from your bank account?
One of the most interesting aspects of Han society, as created by Nowlan, is social hierarchy. While the noble and warrior castes are technically at the top of the order, they are constantly challenged from the engineers and maintenance men of Han society. An officer aboard a Han airship knows know what buttons to push such that he can fire his disintegrator ray, but he has no more knowledge of how to fix it than the average present day North American has with respect to repairing an internal combustion engine. Repairmen and engineers literally hold Han society hostage in their demands for increased wealth and prestige.
So who wants to take a guess at which fictional civilization our society mirrors the most?
Of the many questions we can ask of this book, the one that interests me the most is this: Was Philip Nowlan attempting to offer a cautionary narrative on the dangers of technological dependence and over-consumption? Nowlan was born in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, in 1888. As he grew up, so did the assembly line and large scale industrial production. He offers heroes that have wholly rejected capitalism and antagonists that have grown decadent in their embracing private wealth. If Nowlan could envision a future with broadcast microwave energy, perhaps he could see future version of America where nobody knew how anything worked, 60% of the people were obese and consumer consumption and bad politics ruled the day.
No longer when I hear the name Buck Rogers will I immediately think about Gil Gerard and his stupid robot sidekick. Armageddon 2419 A.D. proves that Philip Francis Nowlan’s contribution to the SF world has been lost amid a sea of low-budget serials and 70s camp.